Expanding the Oral Care Group in India Case Study - 1

Extending the Oral Care Group in India - Case Study Example half of the populace isn't worried for oral cleanliness. Those pieces of the potential clients need mindfulness above all else about the oral wellbeing. Also, they are not in a compass of oral medicinal services items as the expendable earnings of individuals living in provincial regions have $2 every day, in correlation of urban populace who are affluent and they have incredible buying power. There is a deficiency of dental consideration staff in provincial zones extraordinarily, single work force handles a large number of dental patients. What's more, individuals with just high salary counsel dental experts as they cost exceptionally high (Bruce, Moore, and Birtwistle, 2004). That characterizes the issue of reasonableness to the customers. Also, the third is Accessibility, in which the executive of the organization, Brinda Patel need her administrator to make another market plan and she need to expand the unit deals almost up to 30% of toothbrushes in India by burning through 3% more in publicizing financial plan, as her past venture in Thailand went effective. While, administrator Michael Lang is concerned if the technique of expanding promoting spending more than Thailand’s spending will influence the deals emphatically as there are numerous social boundaries in every area of India. The projections could turn out badly, regardless of whether they can get to the items and acknowledge the adjustment in oral wellbeing as they are utilizing Neem twigs and tobacco and remains since ages. Brinda accepts that country zone need more cleanliness assurance messages and has a procedure to showcase its excellent items and persuade clients to change to high scope of oral consideration items, that may assist the organization with reaching up to 30% per unit sales(Rudolf R. Sinkovics, 2009). Then again, Michael proposed not expanding the promoting financial plan and applying techniques in urban market to center and convince first time clients of tooth brush and later spend on when they become ongoing. Applying promoting systems recommended by Brinda over provincial territories

Spirituals essays

Spirituals expositions As slaves, Africans needed to cause numerous psychological changes so as to make due in an outside land. These changes are very much appeared in their verse and music. Spirituals were the principal type of African American music. They were the tunes sang by the slaves on American manors, that communicated sentiments about opportunity, religion and demise. Spirituals were the melodies of the offspring of frustration. The focal topic in spirituals was the celestial freedom of the mistreated from subjugation. This topic is regularly appeared in spirituals, for example, in Swing Low Sweet Chariot I investigated Jordan what did I see, seeking to convey me home, a band of heavenly attendants coming after me, wanting to convey me home. This otherworldly communicated fellings of opportunity through Slaves dismissed white twists of the good book, which accentuated the dutifulness of captives to their lords. The fundamental thought of the spirituals was that subjugation repudiates God; it is a forswearing of his will. The tunes demonstrated the slaves convictions that human bondage was not reconcilable. The message of freedom in the spirituals depends on the scriptural dispute that Gods uprightness is uncovered in his liberation of the abused from the shackles of human servitude. That message demonstrated the slaves trust in God. The confidence of individuals of color was consequently grounded in the stea dfastness of Gods word uncovered through the sacred texts. African American music isn't an imaginative creation for the wellbeing of its own; yet it transfers emotions and thought of African American individuals and the psychological changes they needed to make so as to make due in an outside land. Spirituals were of the main type of African American music. They were the tunes sang by the slaves on estates that communicated their opportunity, religion, and passing. The melodies recounted enduring and unvoiced yearning toward more genuine universes of hazy wanderings and concealed ways. Through all the distress melodies there inhales an expectation, and confidence in a definitive ... <!

Analysis Of Empathy And Sympathy

Investigation Of Empathy And Sympathy Seeing someone, individuals were around regularly discovered something upsetting enthusiastic issue at times or should be comprehended by somebody, at that point how to manage these circumstances. Compassion is the intellectual procedure of relating to or vicariously encountering the sentiments, contemplations, or perspectives of another. (Verderber, 2004, p. 211). Compassion is a significant component in comprehension and keeping up great relational connections. Accordingly, sympathy is attempted to comprehend and encounter that others experience what is the sort of comprehension. Compassion and sympathy are extraordinary, that is change the job of sympathy try to see every others experience, feeling, considerations and mentalities. While relating, was agent the situation of the position has just been changed over in another people spot to attempt comprehend what is befalling other. Yet, that will may think that its hard to abstain from making decisions when is tune in to somebody e lses issue, it is neglect to identify with others, notwithstanding, that is additionally neglect to comprehension with other. So that need to precisely what must do to tune in with sympathy and more methodologies or how to improving. (Seiler, 2005, p. 150). In the expansion, while identifying, has distinguished some various methodologies that individuals can utilize. That is empathic responsiveness, point of view taking, and thoughtful responsiveness. Right off the bat, Empathic responsiveness is encountering a passionate reaction corresponding to another people real or foresees show of feeling. (Verderber, 2004, p. 211). For instance, when manager tells representative will lose their employment, worker will have encountered empathic responsiveness. Business ought to be faculties the bitterness of that representative, that profoundly miserable inclination is the feels of worker. The empathic responsiveness approach is the most simple to utilize, when individuals have a nearby or close connection with other individual, they will have a solid relationship bond between one another, which can recognize all the more effectively with the others sentiments, feeling and encounters it alongside other. So back to the model, on the off chance that they have a decent connection among manager and worker, the business may recognize what the representative is feeling. The situation of the business ought to comprehends and emotions the representative feel, manager needs to compassion the sentiments of worker is loses their positions. Plainly comprehension of sentiments of worker is a state of an effective business must be known. So by and large, empathic responsiveness is most effectively with close individual with one another. (Verderber, 2004, p. 211). Furthermore, point of view adopting is one of strategies to compassion, that characterized is envisioning yourself in the spot of another. (Verderber, 2004, p. 212). That implies is with another situation of creative mind, think about the circumstance of other, sentiments of others is normal, and afterward expect that others will feel also. For instance, envision if the business was terminates, and is relied upon to what the experience of their feelings if that is occurs, the business will be sentiments same with that worker, at that point that is utilizing understanding viewpoint taking. Thoughtful responsiveness is the one of ways to deal with sympathy, a sentiment of concern, empathy, or distress for another due to the circumstance is the characterized. (Verderber, 2004, p. 212). Thoughtful responsiveness is contrasts with other two methodologies previously. That is no endeavor to understanding and see every others sentiments or envision be in the spot of another, in any case, that is fairly center around sincerely understanding what the speakers has said and experience sentiments of concern, empathy, or distress for the that individual. (Verderber, 2004, p. 212). For instance, if the business have compassion and comprehension of worker when representative is feels like humiliated and stressed, and furthermore attempting to feels feelings or experience of worker, boss will feels concern and empathy for that representative, relationship for them two will be develop to one another . So these three methodologies will have the option to make exact decisions in the inte llectual procedure of relating to or vicariously encountering the sentiments, considerations, and mentalities of another. Close to that, relating hard to correspondence with other from various culture, particularly with outsiders. So empathic listening will improve the capacity to sympathize. Listening aptitudes likewise is including one of approaches. Tuning in with sympathy happens when have tuned in to what another person is encountering and look to comprehend that people contemplations and sentiments. (Seiler, 2005, p. 149). The best path is by tuning in to sentiments of others to need to hear the voice inside the heart, which attempt to comprehend and realize what it was, individuals or things from the point of view of others to feel and mirror these emotions back. (Hybels, 2001, p.85). So what is the method of sympathizing, regard for the individual by effectively taking care of what the individual says; focus on watching and understanding both the verbal and nonverbal messages, utilizing rewords and recognition checking to the guide; experience a passionate reaction corresponding to another peopl e genuine or foreseen show of feeling, envision yourself in the spot of the individual, feel concern, sympathy, or distress for the individual since circumstance or predicament. (Verderber, 2004, p. 215). Besides, sympathy is as significant as component of viable relational correspondence and the audience additionally is significant as well. What's more, sympathy is firmly related with an audience task, audience members task must be taken care of their own sentiments and preferences as those of others to listen what they speaker discussing. Audience must be to do this, audience need to know and comprehend what the inclination by speakers state out their psyche is and listen cautiously the speakers state what had occurred, and afterward ameliorating compassion or support to help discover an answer of the issue. (Hybels, 2001, p.85). Recognize the feelings is regularly the most troublesome part for audience, audience needs to listen cautiously and comprehend what the speaker is truly saying that genuine importance. For instance, a worker in the matter of miserable experience a few mishaps, the representative is too energized that needed to execute the business. That worker said that obv iously has no designs to murder the business. For the situation, it is sensible to expect that the speaker is feeling irate. On the off chance that somebody reacted to that representative, or somebody will attempt to supplant the job of that worker to think, let that representative to state out what has occurred, there may the disaster won't occur. In addition, audience members task other than listen mindfully, likewise need to utilize an empathic-listening reaction approach to reach is through rewording, repeating different people musings or emotions in the words. Back to the model, let the worker state out the entire story, audience is no compelling reason to react with more or explicit, simply needs to be tuned in to, and show the intrigue and concern if audience tune in and look thoughtful, let the representative completion the entire story, and find different sentiments notwithstanding outrage. This reaction not just recognizes the emotions; it likewise assists find with trip whether the consultation precisely and shows that is focusing. A rewording reaction gives a mirror to different people comments. (Hybels, 2001, p. 86). Once more, in some cases audience simply tuning in for people groups feeling and discloses how to take care of the issue. Individuals are feel better when their after much of the time need to vent their sentiments, yet in some cases simply listening isn't sufficient. The last one in empathic listening is to allow the individual to work out the issue. Empathic listening is incorporates helping the other individual figure out how to take care of the issue. On account of that worker, the significant needs to take care of the issue. So audience needs to utilize the great perspectives to support that worker and can assist that representative with dealing with the issue. To be a decent audience is required to assuming on greater liability and rather concentrating on arrangement with that worker, likewise need to give centering a shot inclination and listening empathically, so that is the duty of a decent audience. (Hybels, 2001, p. 87). Along these lines, everybody additionally an alternate perspective yet they just remain at their own heavenly attendant to see their own view. They are not utilize an opportunity to survey property; it is anything but difficult to make suppositions and hop to end. This frequently prompts mistaken assumptions, awful sentiments, struggle, poor assurance and even separation. Without sympathy, individuals don't feel heard advertisement comprehended. So compassion is so significant on our day by day life. Adjacent to that, sympathy likewise so significant in the work environment, if without compassion, individuals won't thought different people feeling, thought and perspectives, and furthermore including all experience states of mind, agony and hurt, bliss and misery. To be a pioneers should genuinely utilizing the compassion to comprehend what the individual is thinking or feeling by making an effort not to change or alter, and sympathy to take care of the issues, comprehend what the ind ividual think or feel, individuals feel esteemed, they will have a sense of security. For the model, when the representatives feel esteem, they are having a sense of security. So that shows representatives are progressively gainful when they are feel esteemed. In the accompanying, we need to decide to improve, to mind, to escape own direction, and to connect the holes between-age, societies, religions, economics, and so on. So sympathetic can assist with overseeing and evade problematic and ambush practices. The 5 basic advances have furnished the speaker with that full focus. That is one time performing various tasks will get in a tough situation; Second, Be non-critical, most extreme or ascend the speakers issue; Third, read the speaker, watch the feeling behind the words. Is that the speaker apprehensive, baffled, irate or angry and react to the feeling just as the words. Four, hush up, dont give a prompt answer, regularly if aloe enemy some calm after the sp

A Little Piece of Heaven Essay -- Descriptive Essay Examples

A Little Piece of Heaven Educator's Comment: This article, which got An, is solid on the grounds that the distinctive and cautious depictions breath life into a typical subject: a basic stroll in the forested areas. The author makes a compelling persona however a flashback to a side of caught recollections. The essayist reproduces the kid's persona, addressing and afterward understanding the thought processes of the guide who is driving the gathering. At whatever point I am disturbed or confounded, I generally loot through my brain to a side of caught recollections in my youth. Here in this corner, concealed securely from the entirety of the ordinary statistical data points, is a spot I once visited as a little youngster. This spot has never neglected to make an abundance of marvel and tranquility for me. Go along with me now as I take an excursion back through time. The day was an extraordinarily sweltering one for the typical cool summers that North Carolina is so mainstream for. The dusty, blurred blue van in which my excursion started was firmly stuffed with numerous excited and sweat-soaked kids, every one of whom were on edge with expectation of our day's fieldtrip. We were en route to a specific stream that is notable in the humble community o f Chesswood, which is found somewhere down in the core of the Carolina mountains. Upon at long last arriving at our goal, we weakened ourselves from the hot, vinyl situates and tumbled out of the van. I had gotten incredibly sweltering and my skin was clingy from the perspiration and earth of evening play. The camp instructor required every one of the fourteen of us to arrange in single-record and follow her lead. I didn't comprehend why we needed to do this, yet as we travele d down the way that prompted the stream, I started to comprehend her thinking. The sliding way was steep and thin. The sand and un... ... noticeable all around. Among this kaleidoscope of splendid tones seemed tart oranges, searing reds, completely clear blues, and new greens. As the day approached an end, the setting sun additionally showed a masterpiece through this tree. The light, that courageously transmitted through the V, made a wonderful atmosphere. I felt as though heavenly attendants were smoothly moving on the shaded beads of water. The hues had changed to some degree and comprised generally of a straightforward white blended in with splendid oranges and yellows. Before long a while later, my little bit of Heaven was separated by the yells of our instructor revealing to us the time had come to come back to camp. I realize I needed to genuinely leave that stream in those days, however it has never left my memory. Despite the fact that you didn't visit that place, it is currently in your memory moreover. I trust you have delighted in encountering this little bit of Heaven with me.

Labor Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Work Standards - Essay Example Be that as it may, additional time remuneration might be offered dependent on the understanding. Then again, Nonexempt can be depicted as a plan where representatives are qualified for additional time remuneration and the lowest pay permitted by law as sketched out in the Fair Labor Standard Act. An official special case can be supposed to be the advantages that collect to people dependent on their situations in an association. Thusly, regulatory exclusion alludes to favors that individuals appreciate for holding authoritative posts in an association, for example, the managers. Calling exceptions are avoidances that people get because of some skill power. The WTPA got powerful in 2011 and was for the most part comprised to guarantee that compensation for laborers are sheltered. The WTPA obliges bosses to furnish new specialists with a composed notification of compensation rates and the conventional installment dates. The US government understood that most managers were not moral in dispensing wages to laborers. Fundamentally, a few cases emerged with respect to wage robbery and, consequently, there was a need to plan an enactment that give an answer for such issues. The law is of extraordinary enthusiasm to my organization in that it gives an oversight of the legitimate repercussions that may happen once wage robbery is accounted for to the significant

English Literature During Different Periods

English Literature During Different Periods Development of English Literature Nov 2, 2018 in Literature Main Periods and Gernes of English Literature English literature is considered to be one of the richest literatures in the world. It is the literature of a great nation inhabiting an island in the west of Europe. It goes without saying that literature is the reflection of nation and society, so changes which have come about from the early to the modern times have influenced English literature in a variety of ways. Thus, English literature has passed through definite periods: the Anglo-Saxon, or Old English period, Middle English and Modern English. Naturally, each of them has its own characteristic features, which are to be compared in four areas: genre/type of literature, literary techniques and styles, important themes and patterns, and heroes and characters. Anglo-Saxon literature was composed between 650 and 1100, and it developed both in poetry and in prose. However, poetry was considered to be a dominant genre, and there were two types of poems: heroic and Christian ones. Heroic poetry was influenced by pre-Christian Germanic Myth. Among the most popular genres were the epic (Beowulf), dream vision (The Dream of the Rood by Cynewulf), riddle, gnomic poetry, charms and other verses. Speaking about prose, it needs to be mentioned that it was written in Latin before the reign of King Alfred, who translated the most significant Latin texts and encouraged writing in the vernacular language. Middle English literature covers the medieval period, and it was composed in 1100 to 1500. The literature of this period was influenced by the domination of French culture, which took place after the Norman Conquest. The early Middle English period was characterized by the further development of poetry. The good examples were the Orrmulum (verse translation of the Gospels) and The Owl and the Nightingale (the first example of a debate poem). The prose of this time continued the tradition of the Old English period (saint's lives genre). Among completely new genres in literature were the romance, the fabliau, the moral tale and the animal verse. The dream vision was also still popular. Geoffrey Chaucer developed the genre of frame story and moral tale.

Do You Have That One Class #sol15

posted on March 2, 2015 Have you ever had that one class that just slips out of control so much more easily than all the others? You change the seating chart, you review and adjust your  discipline plan, you talk to administrators and call parents. Yet, more often than not, this class just won’t get with the program. I’ve had that one class every single year I’ve taught. I like all the students. There are some very strong kids in there who I am sure are going to be capable, formidable leaders of our world in the next couple of decades. I feel bad for them when they continue to mess up and have to suffer consequences like serving lunch detention or in-school detention repeatedly. But I also know that they must pay attention and not disrupt others in class in order for everyone to have the opportunity to learn. I have gone over my rules and procedures more times than I can count — with myself, with my administrators and with my department heads.  I give students  clear instructions, I redirect them, and then I give them consequences. Some students just insist on continuing talking during independent working times (which last no longer than 10 minutes) or blurting out random comments during discussion times. Other students insist on allowing those students to distract them. Eventually, those who continue to violate the rules start getting frustrated and mad — at me. I love teaching, I love my students. Some days, after â€Å"that one class,† I am dead tired. Michelle WatersI am a secondary English Language Arts teacher, a University of Oklahoma student working on my Master’s of Education in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with an concentration in English Education, and a NBPTS candidate. I am constantly seeking ways to amplify my students’ voices and choices.

The Economic Inequality Of Hispanic Immigrant And The...

HDFS 895 Families in Poverty Hyunjin Choi (Hailey) A45547219 Analyzing Economic Inequality in Hispanic Immigrant Population in the United States by Using Micro/Macro-Level Lenses According to the 2012 American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. immigrant population stood at approximately 40.8 million, or 13 percent of the total U.S. population of 313.9 million (Nwosu, C., Batalova, J., Auclair, G., 2014). Along with its large number, immigration has had a very significant impact on the U.S society, and especially it has increased the diversity of the United States in many ways. In particular, there are large differences in poverty rates across racial groups. In that regard, according to the 2010 Census Bureau Reports, in 2009, the poverty rate was 9.9% for Whites, 12.1% for Asians, 26.6% for Hispanics, and 27.4% for Blacks. This data illustrates that Hispanics and Blacks experience disproportionately high percentages of poverty in comparison to Whites and Asians counterparts. This paper will be focused on Hispanic immigrant population since Hispanics are a rapidly growing group in the United States and more tend to be poor (Broussard Alfred, 2009). In details, Hispanic population grew 43 percent between 2000 and 2010 (one in four Hispanics was poor in 2009), and it is projected to triple in size by 2050 (Nwosu, C., Batalova, J., Auclair, G., 2014). Moreover, income inequality was higher among Hispanics than among whites (Nwosu, C., Batalova, J., Auclair, G., 2014).Show MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEdition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. This McGraw−Hill

Anorexia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder Characterized By

Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of putting on weight with a negative attitude towards body weight (medical dictionary). Due to this extensive fear, people eventually starve themselves leading to extremely low body weights. People suffering from Anorexia take extreme efforts to keep their body weights in check by limiting the amount of food they eat. These efforts range from excessive exercise, misusing diet aids to vomiting after eating just to reduce the level of calorie intake. However, it should be noted that Anorexia is less of an issue about food but more of a mental problem whereby people suffering from it equate thinness to self-worth (Mayo Clinic). As such Anorexia is a psychiatric disorder†¦show more content†¦As a result, this treatment procedure aims at not only reversing the complications of the disorder but also remedying the mental distortion of body weight. This has necessitated inclusion of psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive interventions in the multifaceted treatment program. This approach ensures that while complications are reduced, the root problem is equally dealt with reducing the probability of recurrence. Additionally, the nature of the effective treatment as multi-faceted necessitates a team approach (Mayo clinic). In this process, dieticians, psychologists as well as medical health providers take part. Medical care is important to reverse the complications related to starvation and in some extreme cases may require hospitalization of the person suffering from the disorder. Recovery is hinged on first acquiring a healthy weight and then maintaining it through proper nutrition. For this purpose, psychologists are important in developing behavioral strategies necessary for acquiring the healthy weight which can be maintained with guidance from a nutritionist. As a psychiatric disorder, the importance of psychotherapy could not be overstated (Mayo clinic). Psychotherapy may be family based or individualized to the affected person. Family-based psychotherapy is crucial for teenagers who need help in making right decisions towards restoration of healthy weight and mainly involves parents ensuring their children are well fed. Cases involving adultsShow MoreRelatedAnorexia Nervosa Is A Disorder Characterized By Abnormal Eating Behaviors1328 Words   |  6 PagesAnorexia nervosa is a disorder characterized by abnormal eating behaviors. People with anorexia have a fear of gaining weight which causes them to try and maintain a low weight. They will do anything to prevent weight gain. This includes starvation and exercising too much. They do this because not only do they have the fear of gaining weight they have a distorted body image which means even if they are extremely thin they will believe that they are overweight. (Ehrlich, 2015). Anorexia is not reallyRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa782 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Eating Disorder is a recent addition to the DSM-5. This disorder is characterized by regular episodes of binge eating. An individual experiencing this disorder will usually not Binge use compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or over-exercising after they binge eat. Many people with Binge Eating Disorder are overweight or obese. (Butcher, Hooley, J. M., Mineka, 2013). Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness that is characterized by an unrealistic fear of weightRead MoreBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. This essay will also assess the symptoms, causes, health affects and the most prevalent characteristics of people diagnosed with these two eating disorders. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. People with this disorder believe they are overweight, evenRead MoreEating Disorders883 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders INTRODUCTION Attention Getter Do you like what you see when you look in the mirror? Imagine looking in the mirror and you see something other than what is truly there. That is a nightmare that many women suffering with eating disorders live with everyday. No matter how pretty or slim they are, all they can see is ugly and obese in that mirror. Thesis Statement Eating disorders affect millions of people every year, and can even result in death. I will explain what a eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mimms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreComparing the Similarities and Differences Between Anorexia and Bulimia1016 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described as psychological eating disorders (Keel and Levitt, 1). They are both characterized by an over evaluation of weight. Desp ite being primarily eating disorders, the manifestations of bulimia and anorexia are different. They both present a very conspicuous example of dangerous psychological disorders, as according to the South Carolina Department of Health, â€Å"Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness† (Eating Order StatisticsRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pages EATING DISORDERS Introduction: Eating disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that include excessive or insufficient food eating habits that hampers a person’s mental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorderRead More Eating Disorders Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesAn eating disorder is an extreme expression of emotion, distress, or inner problems. An eating disorder can be compared to drug use or self mutilation as a way to relieve pain or stress. Food or the denial of food becomes the drug of choice and is used to numb painful feelings. There are three main types of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, also known as compulsive eating disorder. Anorexia Nervosa is an extremely abnormal fear of gaining weight, a distortedRead MoreThe Three Main Types Of Eating Disorders1305 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders The three main types of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating, are complex pschyatriac disorders. The classification and diagnosis of each disorder is challenging because diagnostic symptoms and behaviours overlap. These disorders consist of various biological, psychological and sociological factors. They frequently coexist with other illnesses such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. (ANAD) Eating disorders are commonly associatedRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene , 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimia

Service Operations Management - 5277 Words

J. Service Science Management, 2009, 2: 255-264 doi:10.4236/jssm.2009.24030 Published Online December 2009 (www.SciRP.org/journal/jssm) 255 Service System Decoupling for Mass Customization: A Case Study in Catering Services Jue CHEN1, Yunhong HAO2 1 The tourism school, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China; 2School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China. Email: chenjue8@yahoo.com Received April 17, 2009; revised June 19, 2009; accepted July 28, 2009. ABSTRACT The paper examines the key issues on system decoupling in service operations of mass customization by conducting a case study in catering services. It firstly justifies the effectiveness of applying concept of mass†¦show more content†¦According to the customer contact approach proposed by Chase and Tansik [1,6,7], customer contact activities should be decoupled from non-contact activities to do justice to their different design requirements and maximize the efficiency of the service delivery system. Consequently, service organizations consist of a front stage and a back stage. In the back office customer contact is passive or nonexistent, service processes may be designed with manufacturing-like principles in mind [6]. The process may take advantage of standardization and automation to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. While in the front stage customer contact is high and active, it brings about unavoidable inefficiencies, and the human relation skills become a dominant factor in designing the process [6]. Study [8] adds that moving some of the back-stage functions from developed areas (or even countries) to underdeveloped regions may increase greatly efficiency because of the reduction in labor costs and taxation. 2.2.2 Decoupling for Speed, Quality and Sales Opportunities However, back-stage tasks need not only be viewed as tasks whereShow MoreRelatedService Operations Management And Its Impact On Products And Services2222 Words   |  9 PagesIn the business world, many service operations management differ from manufacturing operations management in a number of ways. However, there are also some similarities that both share in various aspects of operations management. This essay illustrates and examines the differences and similarities in both types of operations through the use of relevant theories, case studies as well as real life experiences. It is structured in such a way that starts with the design, followed by the stra tegy andRead MoreOperations Service Management - a Study of Medi-Call Call Centres2700 Words   |  11 PagesMedi – Call Personal Alarms Systems LTD call centre and how the management implement certain capacity strategies in order to distribute call times whether it be an emergency, technical or a reassurance call from the customer. This is viewed over a twelve-hour shift and highlights the problems where the call centre is over capacity or under capacity. The case study looks at the problems with the current operations and service management within Medi–Call call centres. Within this report the main problemsRead MoreServices Operations Management8601 Words   |  35 PagesPROJECT REPORT ON SERVICES OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT special reference to BPO SECTOR by Gaurav Tyagi 10DM-189 Gaurav Singh 10IB-029 Neha Sinha 10DM-093 Neha Kaushik 10DM-092 Harsh Shah 10IB-030 Keshav Shenoy 10HR-019 2010-2012 Under the guidance of Prof. Kunal Ganguly INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Manufacturing, service and agriculture are the major economic activities in any country. In India, manufacturing and services together constituteRead MoreServices Operations Management8615 Words   |  35 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON SERVICES OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT special reference to BPO SECTOR by Gaurav Tyagi 10DM-189 Gaurav Singh 10IB-029 Neha Sinha 10DM-093 Neha Kaushik 10DM-092 Harsh Shah 10IB-030 Keshav Shenoy 10HR-019 2010-2012 Under the guidance of Prof. Kunal Ganguly INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION Manufacturing, service and agriculture are the major economic activities in any country. In India, manufacturing and services together constitute nearlyRead MoreQuocirca Insight Report: Operations Management in UK Financial Services2617 Words   |  11 PagesQUOCIRCA INSIGHT REPORT November 2007 Contacts: Sharon Crawford Quocirca Ltd Tel +44 7989 243830 sharon/crawford@quocirca.com Operations Management in UK Financial Services How effectively is technology being applied to help to monitor and improve operations performance? The extremely competitive nature of the financial services industry today and the changing landscape of customer expectations and their approach to investing in financial products, puts an onus on suppliers to considerRead MoreService Operations Management: Cathay Pacific Airways Case Study2538 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Service Operations Management Service Operations Management Cathay Pacific Airways Aesthetics Introduction Cathay Pacific is an international airline registered and based in Hong Kong, offering scheduled passenger and cargo services to 141 destinations in 39 countries and territories. As Hong Kongs major airline, it provides vital links for trade and investment as well as leisure travel. With the help of passengers and cargo services, Cathay Pacific connects Hong Kong to theRead MoreObjectives And Goals Of An Operational Strategy1736 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. An operational system ought to have the capacity to outline the company s usage of its asset in the creation of a good, item, or service. Organizations define operations methodologies in view of the styles and needs of the management. Differentiation strategy is one of the several operational strategies that LensCrafters use in its operations. LensCrafters is a global leader in the retail of non-prescription sunglasses and prescription eye wear. LensCrafters was started in 1983 by DeanRead MoreOperational Management quiz 1 1500 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Uitwerkingen vragen Operational Management toets 1 Copyright: BartThom Signs and symbols in a service facility are helpful because they: Reduce anxiety with waiting Cause customers to spend more money per visit Cause employees to be more helpful Orient customers and promote acceptable behaviour Using the SREDEDIM method, if you had to monitor to see if the conditions had changed which step would you perform: Install a new method Examine the facts Maintain new method Select the work method RecordRead MoreOperation Five Objectives1495 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Operation strategy concerns the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of the operation.† It refers to the process to set mission and goals, make specific decisions for achieve specific objectives; and the procedure to design and formulate the strategy of operations. Operation strategy is one part of the organizational business strategy but it plays an important role in all functional areas of business. Operation strategy is to implementRead MoreOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who have

A Book Report on Tom Standages an Edible History of Humanity

A Book Report on Tom Standages An Edible History of Humanity Standage, Tom. An Edible History of Humanity. (Ed) New York: Walker and Company, 2010, Print. In the text, An Edible History of Humanity, Tom Standage provides his take on how the past was so deeply affected by food throughout the generations. The book approaches history in a different way altogether: as a sequence of changes caused, influenced or enabled by food. Standage explains that throughout history, food has not only provided sustenance but has also acted as the catalyst of societal organization, social change, economic expansion, military conflict, geopolitical competition and industrial development. As Tom Standage explains, since the time of prehistory to present,†¦show more content†¦The production of agricultural food, the rise of the irrigation systems, and the communal food storage fostered political centralization with agricultural fertility rituals developing into state religions and food becoming a medium of taxation and payment; feasts were used in garnering influence and to show status. Food handouts were used in defining and refining power struct ures. As Tom Standage is thorough in pointing out, before money was invented in the earlier world ,food was the main symbol of wealth. The ability to control food was power. With the ever emerging civilizations in numerous parts of the world, food aided in linking them together. Food-trade routes acted as inter-boundary communication networks that improved not just commercial exchange but religious and cultural exchange as well. Spice routes that spanned the ancient world resulted in cross cultural fertilization in fields which were very diverse, similar then to the fields of architecture, religion and science. The first geographers began to take interest in people and customs from far away places and put together the first efforts at world maps. But by far the biggest change caused by food trade was as a result of the European need to avoid the Arab spice domination. The result of this was the revelation of a new world, the establishment of first colonial outposts by the European nations and the opening of maritime trade routes

Widget Airlines Free Essays

Imagine Widgets Airlines, Inc. operates 18-seat commercial flights between New York City and Washington, DC. After 10 seats have been sold on each aircraft, the company has reached the break-even point. We will write a custom essay sample on Widget Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Should Widgets consider offering a discounted fare for seats 11 through 18? Yes. Widgets Airlines, Inc. should offer a discount on the remaining seats. What are the advantages and disadvantages of not offering a discount on seats 11 through 18? The advantages of selling at a discounted price are that they would sell their seats faster depending on the price they are selling at. This could be a beneficial by gaining more customers who travel for business on a weekly basis especially on Thursdays. The disadvantage of not offering discounts is that the flight will have empty seats because the price is too high. Even though the company will lose profit initially, the airline will develope a good reputation for low fares and fair treatment; as a result, they will continue to get business. What are the advantages and disadvantages of offering a discount on seats 11 through 18? The disadvantages of offering a discount include: unhappy customers (who feel that the discount wasn’t good enough, aka insignificant). Another disadvantage is that the company will lose revenue . The advantages include: happy customers (who are glad to have been able to save money and to not have to mess with rebates), selling the seats more quickly, boosting the company’s reputation with the promotion, and possibly securing the loyalty of frequent fliers. How would you decide how much of a discount, if any, could be offered? What effect would the discount have on the financial statements of Widgets Airlines, Inc.? We will decide how much of a discount would be offered by comparing the other competitors. For example if the other competitors sell more tickets base on a %20 discounted rates for specific days, the company will adjust its discount rates at %25 on those days. Widgets would not lose any revenue because it is all profit at this point. This would only bring in more customers especially the ones who fly on a weekly basis. The financial statement will stay the same because all companies offer discounts at some point and this would show on the income statement. How to cite Widget Airlines, Papers

Manage Conflict

Questions: 1. Describe the conflict situation in detail. 2. How did you identify the potential for conflict and take action to prevent escalation? 3. How did you assess potential threats to the safety of customers or colleagues and organise appropriate assistance, if required? 4. What resources did you use to assist in managing conflict? 5. How did you take responsibility for finding a solution to conflict? 6. How did you deal with conflict sensitively, courteously and discreetly and take steps to minimise impact on others? 7. How did you use effective communication skills to assist in the management of the conflict? 8. How did you encourage all points of view? 9. How did you establish and agree on the nature and details of the conflict? 10. What were the possible options you could use to resolve the conflict and decide on the best solution? 11. How did you use conflict resolution techniques to manage the situation and develop solutions? 12. Were you required complete any necessary documentation? 13. Did you seek and provide feedback on the conflict and its resolution with the parties involved? 14. Evaluate and reflect on the situation and effectiveness of the solution. 15. Determine possible causes of workplace conflict and provide input for workplace improvements. Answers: 1. Conflict can be defined as a disagreement that arises within a group due to some difference of opinion or beliefs of one or more members of a group are either opposed or are not accepted by one or more members of the other group. It may either arise in the members of the same group or between members of two or more groups (Suter Johnson, 2014). 2. To identify the potential for conflict and take action to prevent escalation, there is a need to understand the levels of conflict clearly. The individuals can watch out the indicators of potential conflict. If the individuals can identify the conflict early, they can take actions that will prevent escalation and prevent the situation from worsening (Einarsen et al., 2016). 3. To assess potential threats to the safety of the customers or colleagues and organize appropriate assistance, the individuals need to check and evaluate the processes or procedures at each and every step and develop some specific strategies which can help in assessing threats towards the safety of the customers or colleagues (Teague Roche, 2012). 4. The resources that are used to assist in managing conflict involve senior staff, internal security or police, Mediators such as Human Resource personnel or counselors, other staff members because all of them are an expert in their own fields and can assist in managing the conflict, for instance dealing with an aggressive customer (Barsky, 2014). 5. For finding a solution to a conflict, the responsibility of the individuals is to select and promote decisions. They need to organize the duties and responsibilities of the job, training, and coaching, conduct performance appraisals, check the timesheets, counsel poor performance, create the description of jobs, meet the standards and procedures and resolving the grievances (Suter Johnson, 2014). 6. To deal with conflict sensitively, courteously and discretely and take steps to minimize the impact on others, the individuals need to establish clear roles and responsibilities, discuss and decide together regarding the targets of the team, establish ground rules regarding the working method of the team, give positive feedbacks to the team members (Einarsen et al., 2016). 7. Effective skills of communication can assist in the management of conflict. The individuals who are assertive communicators are most effectual in dealing with the situations of a conflict. They can easily address the problems early. They respect the opinions of other individuals and converse calmly, clearly and confidently. They work to find a mutually satisfying resolution (Teague Roche, 2012). 8. We can encourage all points of view by assisting the individuals to assess the situations of potential conflict and prevent them reaching the point of crisis. We need to be aware of the surroundings in a continuous manner and act in response to any potential situations of conflict (Barsky, 2014). 9. We can establish and agree on the nature and details of the conflict by identifying real issues of the conflict and use effective skills of communication that are defined and clear and which can assist in the establishment of the nature and details of the conflict avoid resolving the conflict situations (Suter Johnson, 2014). 10. The possible options which can be utilized to resolve the conflict and decide the best solution involve the selection of different strategies of conflict resolution such as competing, avoiding, accommodating, collaborating and compromising. Our choice of selecting a strategy depends on the situation surrounding the conflict (Einarsen et al., 2016). 11. The techniques of conflict resolution to manage the situation and develop solutions were used by identifying and evaluating the impact of conflict. We encouraged all points of view and acknowledged and treated them with respect. We evaluated the options to resolve the disagreement by taking into consideration all the policies and constraints of the organization (Teague Roche, 2012). 12. Yes, we do require completing the necessary documentations such as checking timesheets, organizing rosters and completing appraisals. All these documents lead to a systematic construction of the strategies to resolve the conflicts (Barsky, 2014). 13. Yes, we seek and provide feedback on the conflict and its resolution with the parties involved as it helps to know the status and reason of emergence of the conflict and make us more proficient in developing the strategies of conflict resolution (Suter Johnson, 2014). 14. The situation and effectiveness of the solution have helped me to gain a better understanding regarding the resolution of conflicts in an efficient manner and made be capable of identifying the potential risks of developing the situations of conflicts in future (Teague Roche, 2012). 15. The possible causes of workplace conflict include personality differences, misunderstandings, competition and non-compliance with the policies and rules. We can improve the conflict in the workplaces by increasing understanding and cohesion of groups, improving the knowledge of the staff, utilize active listening and deal with the conflict collaboratively (Einarsen et al., 2016). References Barsky, A. (2014).Conflict resolution for the helping professions. Oxford University Press. Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rrvik, E., Lande, . B., Nielsen, M. B. (2016). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: a moderated mediation analysis.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-22. Suter, R. E., Johnson, J. R. (2014, January). Identifying and resolving conflict in the workplace. InCambridge University Press. Teague, P., Roche, W. K. (2012). Line managers and the management of workplace conflict: evidence from Ireland.Human Resource Management Journal,22(3), 235-251.

Letter free essay sample

Four Months have gone by so fast. 7749. They are 7749 miles away. Yet all that they had left me was this letter. We are very proud of you. My eyebrows tighten and create wrinkles on my tan forehead. I hold my breath until the urge to cry departs from me. Two more deep breaths give me enough to regain my composure. My black eyes once again reach down to the crinkled paper. I read on. Writing to this point in the letter, grandma has already broken down to tears, and I cannot hold it in much longer. We cannot make you food and take you fishing anymore. I remember that two weeks ago on the day of the full moon, a moon cake sat on the green countertop. It is Chinese custom that we eat moon cake on the full moon as is it custom to treat guests with respect. My grandma handed me a fork. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This moon cake was imprinted with fancy embroideries and had the Chinese word a–? which means good luck and fortune. She made it herself, taking time to make sure that the cake would not be too sweet nor too dry. This is the Chinese way, to always look for the positive and pay attention to even the finest details. After eating the moon cake, I burst out the door with my fishing rod to my backyard. Grandpa was squatting by the lake waiting patiently and quietly. I slowed my steps and tip-toed to him. He held up his hand, a sign to be quiet, and without warning, he jerked his rod and vigorously reeled in the line. A fish about 5 inches poked out of the murky lake. Arent you cold? he unzipped his jacket. Here put this on. No, keep it on. Im not cold. I insisted. My grandpa is a role model to me. Treat everyone with respect, he would say, and everyone will treat you with respect. This golden rule by Pittacus and Thales is lost in todays world- just go to a football game; but this is the rule that I live by, the rule that is instilled in me. I blink and once again the letter stands in front of me. New creases form around my thumb. Eight words remain for me to read. My eyes swell. Instinctively, I shut my eyes and try not to think about it, but this time I open them. One tear navigates its way down the rough surface of my skin. It travels the length of my face but halts at my chin. Like a person hanging from a cliff, the tear slowly loses its grip and falls. The tear dries on the paper mixing the blue lines with the red, creating a new color. Goodbye, hopefully we can see you again.

Marketing Research Ethics

The Use of DDT

The Use of DDT DDT is a chemical which was first found in the year 1874 and was well studied since then. World Health Organization approves of DDT because it has proven to be the most effective when it comes to combating malaria. In conjunction with other preventive measures, it is able to decrease the transmission of malaria when sprayed in homes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of DDT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When it was first introduced, it was perceived to be the most effective in reducing malaria. The WHO anti-malaria campaign was successful especially in parts such as Sri Lanka. Today, WHO recommends DDT as one of its top malaria insecticides. In support of the World Health Organization position statement on the use of DDT certain toxicology data has to be assessed first (Raloff, 2001). For a proposed substance to be used, the nature of the material and the cumulative estimated dietary intake (CEDI) must be co nsidered. If a substance has a CEDI of less than 0.5 ppb, then no toxicology data is needed. However, all relevant data must be submitted if available. If the exposure is between 0.5 and 50 ppb, a bacterial mutagenicity assay and an in vitro cytogenetic damage or mouse lymphoma assay should be carried out. The rationale for conducting these two studies is to provide an indication as to whether a given substance is likely to be a carcinogen. Should the intake of the substance exceed 50 ppb but be less than 1 ppm, then a third toxicity test may be required. However, if the substance exceeds 1ppm, then a full range of toxicity studies will be required (Keller and Heckman, 2001). The four phases of disposition of toxic compounds within the body are based on excretion through the lungs, biliary, urinary and other excretion routes such as breast feeding. DDT has the ability to accumulate in fatty tissues and breast milk. A mother exposed to DDT is likely to give the infant a greater dose of the substance. The human body is unable to breakdown DDT therefore; this makes it a highly toxic substance to the human body. Foreign compounds are usually secreted into fluids such as sweat, semen, tears and other compounds may be secreted into the saliva or stomach. The body is unable to dispose of DDT. The human body has the ability to store DDT in tissues and bodily fluids but is unable to break it down and dispose of it.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To begin with, DDT has raised some concerns about its toxic nature just like other pesticides have. It is believed to cause neurologic impairment, headaches, vomiting, tremors and other known effects. In addition, it is known to cause environmental problems. Its chemical sustainability enables it to accumulate in the environment through food chains, and in tissues of exposed organisms, including the people that live in treated houses. Research has shown that exposure to DDT might cause preterm birth and early weaning. It may also interrupt the semen quality, menstruation and gestational length. Other studies have shown that daughters of mothers who have been pre-exposed to DDT may have difficulty becoming pregnant and may also suffer from miscarriage. Due to its carcinogenicity, DDT is believed to cause cancer. Studies on the human populations have shown that DDT can cause cancer of such organs as liver and pancreas, and be a reason of the breast cancer. However, other studies have shown that it doesn’t cause prostate cancer (Moeller, 2005). The use of DDT has remained in use in some areas and this has brought about some controversial issues. Part of the controversy is that malaria has become widespread in areas where the use of DDT has been banned. However, the DDT is still used in some countries, one of which is South Africa. However it uses it under WHO’s guidelines. Initi ally, the country had switched to using other alternative insecticides. After a while it became clear that the malaria incidences had increased dramatically. Other areas where malaria increased dramatically after they stopped using DDT include South America and Ethiopia. Resistance has however reduced DDT’s effectiveness in eradicating malaria. Resistance is largely due to prolonged agricultural use and as a result, WHO recommends that absence of resistance must be confirmed before proceeding to use the substance. Resistance was noted in spray campaigns where it was noted that it had lost its effectiveness in areas such as Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Central America. There have been concerns over the usage of DDT in small scale spraying and spraying of entire agricultural areas. Since the ban of DDT, more information on its effects has risen. Such information includes its effects on environmental and human health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of DDT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is believed that its effects on the bird populations and its hormonal effects on fish and amphibians may have been underestimated. Recent studies have shown that it exposes younger generations at a great risk of getting cancer due to its carcinogenic effect(Cohn, Wolff, Cirillo, and Sholtz, 2007). DDT has been criticized over its current use. Critics claim that restricting the use of DDT in areas when malaria is widely spread has caused many unnecessary deaths over the years. In 2007 it was estimated that the ban on DDT caused over 20million deaths and that population was children only. Critics often reference the 1972 US ban on DDT claiming that it cost millions of lives. It is also believed that donor governments and agents have refused to fund DDT spraying in some regions. For instance, the use of DDT in Mozambique was stopped years ago. The reason being that it was believed that 80% of the coun try’s health budget was due to donor funds while donors were against the usage of DDT. Many countries that face this problem have been forced to bow down under pressure to give up DDT or face losing aid grants. The United States Agency for International Development has been under much criticism of late. These days, the agency is now providing funds to the usage of DDT in African countries though it did not do this in the past years. The agency was accused of not funding the use of DDT because it was not ‘politically correct’ (Raloff 2001). It currently however strongly supports the use of DDT in malaria stricken areas and is willing to continue supporting it once it is scientifically proven to be sound and warranted. Alternative uses of DDT are believed to be more expensive, more toxic and less effective. The vulnerability of mosquitoes varies from region to region. Similarly, alternative insecticide’s similarities also vary. Therefore, the toxicity and co st effectiveness comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides lacks significant data.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite its detrimental effects, DDT has been proved to be the most effective chemical agent that decreases transmission of malaria. The question of whether to use it or not has however been a question of risk versus benefit. The malaria epidemic in certain parts of the world, such as Africa, has justified the use of DDT. In order to continue using it, vigilance must be maintained at all times but this doesn’t mean that research should not be continued in order to find more sustainable and suitable methods of fighting the disease. It is well-known that continued use or overuse of any substance eventually causes an organism to adapt and become resistant to it. DDT should therefore be used as a bridge to keep the malaria epidemic at bay as more appropriate measures and solutions are sought after. This may include improvement in treatment and the discovery of a vaccine. Cohn, Bernard, Wolff McCintire, Philip Cirillo and Richardson Sholtz. DDT and breast cancer in young women: N ew data on the significance of age at exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives 115.10 (2007): 1406–1414. Web. Keller and Heckman. Toxicology Requirements: What Types of Toxicity Data Must Be Submitted? packaginglaw.com. 2001.Web. www.packaginglaw.com/2771_.shtml Moeller, Dennis. W. Environmental Health. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. Print. Raloff, Jeffery. The Case for DDT. Science News, 158.1 (2001): 12. Academic Search Premier database. Web.

Face-to-face and distance training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Face-to-face and distance training - Essay Example The paper tells that in the fields of social science it is recognised that two primary methods of research can prove to be most effective. The quantitative method is one in which research is formalised and structured, and numerically-based information is sought by the researcher, for primarily statistical analysis. Well-designed questionnaires, which use systems such as the Lickert scale to quantify responses to questions, are examples of quantitative methods of research. Reponses to questionnaires can then be grouped, organised and structured, assigned numerical values, analysed statistically, and statistical trends and conclusions can be drawn from data. Another method of research prevalent in the social science arena is qualitative. As implied by the term, this research is less reliant on numerical analysis. Communicated, recorded ideas and words from respondents are used by researchers to determine trends, and to draw conclusions. A less formal, though no less thoughtful, process is entered into to establish the responses, feelings, and responses of respondents, and the advantage of this research is that it relies on interaction between researcher and respondent. While non-quantified data results from interviews, for example, conclusions can still be drawn from meanings communicated by respondents, and the amount of data available to the researcher based on relatively more intimate interaction with the subject, can be most useful. 3.4Research design Weaknesses according to other researchers Boyd (2001) considers that two to ten participants in a research study are ample to reach valid conclusions and Creswell (1998, pp. 65 & 113) recommends â€Å"long interviews† with participants. Therefore some realistic assessment of participants’ attitudes, stemming from their personal experiences, is certainly possible from this sample. The concept of research design suggests that a framework and structure for the collection and analysis of data must be e stablished by the researcher (Bryman, 2008). Thus, an approach must be identified and developed and procedures adopted to undertake a particular study. According to the theory of research design, these approaches must emphasise the quality of the selected procedures to meet the definite research criteria (Kumar, 1996). Particularly in social science research, two research methods have proven to be of most use to researchers: the quantitative method and the qualitative method (Kvale, 1996). Quantitative research, as outlined above, serves more effectively to deal with the number-based data obtained from quantitative studies (Rudestam and Newton, 2007). In contrast, qualitative

Beatles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beatles - Essay Example A simple percussion that is consistent throughout does not dominate but simply backs the moderate tempo of the song. However, the changing progressions and phrasing throughout the song gives the illusion of a changing tempo and time signature. The instrumentation is built on top of a bass line that is an "Oom pah" sound reminiscent of a military march or civic band. In the first half of the song, this is accompanied with a strummed acoustic guitar that compliments the percussion. In the last verse, Harrison introduces a picked instrument, probably a 12 string guitar, that plays counter melody and gives the song a Mediterranean or Eastern sound not unlike the sitar used in later works. "Girl", like many of the songs on the album, was mixed with all the vocals on one channel and the instruments on the other. This was a move toward greater use and experimentation in the studio. Many of the elements of "Girl" would be expanded on and would show up on their subsequent recordings.

Afforestation and Deforestation

Afforestation and Deforestation Forests are threatened by both biotic and a-biotic factors such as climatic hazards, diseases prompted by insects or pathogens, threats of a purely anthropogenic nature, fires, atmospheric pollution, deforastation, and the increase in social pressures.ÂÂ   But this classic division is a bit artificial, since man is partly responsible for all these threats.ÂÂ  Indeed the mark of human actions is always present : it is however relatively moderate concerning climatic disorder despite the emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for important destructions ; it is average in the sensitive growth of certain artificial forestry stands prone to parasitic attacks ; it is preponderant in the phenomena of atmospheic pollution or of deforestation. These aggressions will therefore be classed by groups but keeping an effort to maintain classification by growing order of mans implications, and therefore the possibility of theoretical intervention will also increase. Agricultural purposes Grazing cattle or planting crops. Poor farmers in developing countries chop down a small area of trees and burn them, which provide nutrients for the soil (know as the Slash-and-Burn technique). This supply is quickly exhausted so the farmers move on to a fresh area, and the cycle starts again. This occurs on a much larger scale for intensive or modern agriculture e.g. large cattle pastures often replace rain forest to grow beef . Commercial logging the cutting down of trees for sale as timber or pulp. In the developed world, there are increasing demands for hardwoods such as mahogany and ebony. The rate at which trees are felled is increasing to meet these demands. People in third world countries need the timber for firewood, as its practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. The heavy machinery used (e.g. bulldozers) is just as damaging to a forest overall as the chainsaws are to individual trees. Climatic hazards and natural catastrophes Climatic hazards or natural catastrophes are pratically independent from the actions of the man. However, the worries concerning eventual future climatic changes, due to the consequences of green house gases from industrial pollution are going to grow. It is sufficient to study here not the ways of fighting these aggressions, but those measures to take before forestry stands are subjected to these events.ÂÂ   Forests are submitted more than any other terrestrial ecosystem to climatic hazards, due to the duration of their maturity, wich can take up to 200 years. In such a period the number of climatic hazards can be great. Storms and win-blow Storms have had an important destructive effect throughout this century, especially throughout the last twenty five years in Europe, destroying millions of m3 of wood, the following 1990, almost 110 million m3 destroyed throughout Europe.ÂÂ   1999, 140 million m3 in France.ÂÂ   These anarchic destructions greatly perturb cutting cycles and general forestry work. Delaying The development of the forest and disrupting the wood market. Against such freak winds forestry management has very little power. However, although foresters are unable to prevent such catastrophes, they have the power to limit the destruction of violent winds by favouring the development of stands that are more wind resistant, and by adopting a prudent and diverse outlook towards management. Periods of drought Water stress renders forestry stands very fragile. They can arise either by a change in the distribution of water throughout the seasons, for the same quantity of annual precipitation (the supply therefore being brought forward in relation to the demand of forest stands), or by a fall in the annual volume of precipitation. It has now been established that the numerous cases of dieback observed in forests stands throughout the world in the last ten years (which at the time were entirely blamed on atmospheric pollution) are due in part, to periodic water stress. In fact, those observations realised concern those forests in regions subjected to strong pollution fall out, but also forests of less affected regions. ÂÂ   Biotic Threats Diseases and the attack of insects : brief overview of the situationÂÂ   Insects and fungi play an important part towards the causes of dieback in many forests of the world.ÂÂ   These biotic agents intervene, either as primary agressors, or most often as secondary agressors, often attacking already weakened stands. The examples of diseases and illnesses caused by pathogens are unfortunately numerous and only a few will be outlined. These illnesses develop, either as a result of native pathogenic activity, or by the invasion of the non-native agents in non-resistant stands. Robredo and Cadahia drew up a very complete table of the world situation concerning this problem during the tenth world forestry congress, from wich the following text is largely inspired (in COLLECTIF. The forest, inheritance of the future Acts of the tenth forestry congress . French forestry revue. Nancy, 1991.). In North Africa, natural cedar stands are attacked by xylophitic insects , during periods of climatic stress. In Spain,ÂÂ  Abies pinsapoÂÂ  is subjected to combined attacks of theFungiÂÂ  Fomes annosus, and xylophitic and cortical perforating insects. In Europe, dieback can be observed amongst various oak species, most notably, the cork oak and evergreen oak (attacks ofÂÂ  DiplodiaÂÂ  andHypoxilon). In Quebec, the pine shoot moth periodically attacks the annual shoots of (Abies balsamea and Picea glauca) as in the whole of the North East of North America. This indigenous insect reaches epidemic proportions roughly every thirty years. The last infestation (1938-1958) provoked the death of 60 % of Firs and 20 % of Spruces. At the end of 1975, an epidemic breakout covered 35 million ha of Quebec. Fires:-Fire has always been an element present in many forestry ecosystems. Natural causes of fire exist such as lightening and volcanic eruptions. The area subjected to natural fires has been very important and can cover millions of hectares. However the lapse of time is generally long between successive fires, permitting the ecosystem to recover and reconstitute itself.ÂÂ   Large fires have always ravaged the surface of the earth. In the North of China, 1.33 million ha went up in flames in 1987 ; more than 3.5 million ha were burnt in Kalimantan (Borneo) between 1982 and 1983 ; in 1988, 400.000 ha were destroyed by fire in the United States in yellow stone national park. Recently in 1993, considerable damage was done by an enormous fire in Australia. The importance of human factor The main causes of contemporary fires and anthropogenic : This is the case with the recurrent fires in the European Mediterranean zone, or those fires provoked in tropical humid zones, which have their goal the clearing of land for agriculture. In dry tropical zones with mixed broadleaved forests and rich undergrowth, human populations have always used fire to make way for grazing and agriculture. In Europe, figures gathered by the FAO permit one to establish the area of forest burnt annually between 1980 and 1988, i.e. some 585.000 ha. During the same period North America lost some 3.5 million hectares of forest to fires. That percentage attribued to human causes being around 97% in Europe, 91% in the United States and 66% in Canada. Very little is known concerning the equivalent information for the entire world. The total wooded surface touched by fire annually is around 10 million hectares, which represents some 0.3% of the total world forested area. However the impact of these fires is more important than this small percentage suggests. In fact, in the zones where the frequence of fires is high, the destructive character of such fires is worsened by the fact that forest stands do not have the time to reconstitute themselves between the passage of two consecutive fires.ÂÂ   An Integrated policy for the prevention and fighting of fires The methods of fighting fires must be adapted to the socio-cultural environment in which they are put into place. Developed countries Developed countries possess the necessary materials to permit them to carry out a No-fire policy in order to satisfy public opinion, which is generally very sensitive to this form of threat to the natural environment. In this case, a perfect coordination between terrestrial and aerial fire fighting means must be provided, in addition to the active participation of the public and private forestry sectors, for example, in the participation of preventive operations and detective procedures.ÂÂ   Developing countries In developing countries or in natural regions wich are less densely populated, one must accept that a part of the wooded surface will be burnt. This practice is due to an agro-silvo-pastoral culture wich includes positive elements and is therefore difficult to condemn. Solutions can not be looked for without taking into account the subsistence requirements of those populations concerned. 3. BENEFITS OF AFORESTATION Afforestation refers to the conversion of wasteland into a woodland or forest. It is essentially the transformation of land which has not been forested for a period of more than 40 year to woodland through seeding and planting. Afforestation is the best technique used to minimize the greenhouse effect. Therefore, there is constant necessity to develop afforestation programs in order to preserve and protect the forestry including the wasteland. A massive afforestation program is required to meet the increasing demand of fuel wood, timber and fodder. Here are the main benefits of afforestation. 1. Preserves wildlife Afforestation is useful especially when it comes to protecting the wildlife. According to recent scientific studies, upland forest vegetation tends to affect the population of birds on neighboring unplanted moorlands. Planting of trees simply restores and maintains ecological balance of all systems in the environment. 2. Tourist attraction Trees provide oxygen and also help to preserve ecological splendor of the landscape which in turn attracts tourists from all parts of the world. 3. Minimizes soil erosion Soil erosion is significantly reduced as tree plantations prevent run off after heavy rains. In addition, trees bring soils together which prevents soil erosion. 4. Provides forest products With an increase in demand for forest and timber products, afforestation is very valuable due to the explosion of livestock and human population. For that reason, construction of infrastructure has led to the demand of forest products. 5. Stabilizes the climate Planting of trees in semi-arid areas attracts rainfall. This way, agricultural practices such as irrigation are carried out efficiently. In addition, afforestation acts as a catchment for water and soil conservation.(5) 4 .EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION When forests are killed, nature basically requires people to renew the forest. Reforestation is one concept that is in the opposite direction as deforestation, but is proven to be a much harder effort than deforestation. So the rate of deforestation has not been offset by the rate of reforestation. Thus, the world is now in a troubled state when it comes to issues concerning the environment. Climate Change When an area of rainforest is either cut down or destroyed, there are various climate changes that happen as a result. The following is a list of the various climate changes with a brief description of why they come about. Desication of previously moist forest soil What happens is because of the exposure to the sun, the soil gets baked and the lack of canopy leaves nothing to prevent the moisture from quickly evaporating into the atmosphere. Thus, previously moist soil becomes dry and cracked. Dramatic Increase in Temperature Extremes Trees provide shade and the shaded area has a moderated temperature. With shade, the temperature may be 98 degrees Farenheit during the day and 60 degrees at night. With out the shade, temperatures would be much colder during the night and around 130 degrees during the day. Moist Humid Region Changes to Desert This is related to the desicaiton of previously moist forest soil. Primarily because of the lack of moisture and the inability to keep moisture, soil that is exposed to the sun will dry and turn into desert sand. Even before that happens, when the soil becomes dry, dust storms become more frequent. At that point, the soil becomes usesless. No Recycling of Water Moisture from the oceans fall as rain on adjacent coastal regions. The moisture is soon sent up to the atmosphere through the transpiration of foliage to fall again on inland forest areas. This cycle repeats several times to rain on all forest regions. Less Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Exchange The rainforests are important in the carbon dioxide exchange process. They are second only to oceans as the most important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. The most recent survey on deforestaiton and greenhouse gas emisions reports that deforestation may account for as much as 10% of current greenhouse gas emmisions. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that literally trap heat. There is a theory that as more greenhouse gasses are released into the atmosphere, more heat gets trapped. Thus, there is a global warming trend in which the average temperature becomes progressivily higher. The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such reaction would use up oxygen It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone depletion. More Desertification According to the United Nations Enviromental Programme (UNEP) in 1977, deforestation is an important factor contributing to desertificaiton. What is unclear is how fast deserts are expanding is controversial. According to UNEP, between 1958 and 1975, the Saharen Desert expanded southward by about 100km. In 1980 UNEP estimated that desertification threatened 35 per cent of the worlds land surface and 20 per cent of the worlds population. Recently, groups challenged those conclusions. Some scientists claim that the conclusion were based on insufficient data. Nevertheless, desertification still threatens more and more drylands. 7. (Soil Erosion Soil ErosionÂÂ   The trees and shrubs in a forest cover the ground and protect the soil from the rain. Tree leaves intercept the rain fall, and shrubs and leaf litter protects the soil from water dripping off the leaves. With this protection removed, the rain falls directly onto the bare soil and erodes it. The rain also leaches the soil of important nutrients, making it less fertile. 8. The Greenhouse EffectÂÂ   During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is given out. Deforestation removes the carbon sinks, and coupled with the carbon dioxide emitted from the burning of fossil, the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase. The carbon dioxide forms a blanket around the earth and traps heat from solar radiation. This is called the greenhouse effect, and causes the average temperature of the earth to rise. If this continues, the polar ice caps could melt and cause flooding. 9. Disruption of the Hydrological CycleÂÂ   Deforestation can effect the local climate of an area by reducing the evaporative cooling that takes place from the soil and plants. Because the amount of evapotranspiration has been reduced, the formation of clouds and therefore precipitation is also reduced. This threatens the existence of the remaining plants in the forest. Deforestation can also cause flooding. In forested areas, flood water is absorbed into the soil and taken up by the tree roots. The water is then transpired through aerial parts of the plant and into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds. In deforested areas, the flood water runs across the area and is not stopped by vegetation. The top layer of soil is eroded in this process and gets transported into rivers where it causes the level of silt to rise. This rise in the river level causes floods to occur more frequently. Less evaporation also means that more of the suns energy is used to warm the surface and consequ ently the air above, leading to a rise in temperatures. 10. Spreading of DiseaseÂÂ   the mosquito, anopheles darlingi, which spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water that are created in deforested land and on eroded land. Deforestation therefore favours a population explosion of this species. 11. Flooding. Deforestation can result to watersheds that are no longer able to sustain and regulate water flows from rivers and streams. Trees are highly effective in absorbing water quantities, keeping the amount of water in watersheds to a manageable level. The forest also serves as a cover against erosion. Once they are gone, too much water can result to downstream flooding, many of which have caused disasters in many parts of the world. As fertile topsoil is eroded and flooded into the lower regions, many coastal fisheries and coral reefs suffer from the sedimentation brought by the flooding. This results to negative effects in the economic viability of many businesses and fatalities in wildlife population. 12. Other Effects (a) Demand for land for cultivation. This has been seen both in Kenya and other parts of the world especially countries that have Agriculture as the backbone of their economy. Trees have been cut down to obtain land for cultivation of both subsistence and cash crops, both by governments and individuals. b) Need for firewood People, especially those who live in rural areas where electricity and gas are unavailable, resort to use of firewood as a source of heat. Here, wood is cut down and burnt. c) Need for land to build industries Industries require a lot of land and while industrialization is important for every country, it is the bane of large tracts of forest. People need jobs in order to provide for their daily needs. d) Need for land to build houses With the worldwide increase in population, land to build houses for people to live in is very much required. e) Need for wood for furniture, pencils, paper etc) There many rewards such as clean air and clean water, perhaps the two most important, that forests provide. Rainforests also provide many aesthetic, recreational and cultural rewards. If the rainforests are destroyed, then these rewards dissappear. This has major social repercusions for the entire world. Effect to biodiversity Destruction of animal habitats: Apart from domesticated animals and marine and fresh water animals, all other animals need forests as their habitats. These forests do not only provide a place for the animals to roam day but also provide their food and act as a source of protection from predators through camouflage. Destruction of the animals habitats literally kills the animals. Medicinal Plants: Some trees are used as herbs. Trees such as the Cinchona have been used as treatment against Malaria since time immemorial. Destruction of these forests leads to destruction of medicinal plants that could be used as treatment for various ailments. Forests are natural habitats to many types of animals and organisms. That is why, when there is deforestation, many animals are left without shelters. Those that manage to go through the flat lands and residential sites are then killed by people. Through the years, it is estimated that there are millions of plant and extinct animal species that have been wiped out because they have been deprived of home. Thus, biodiversity is significantly lowered because of the savage deforestation practices of some people. Wildlife advocates have been constantly reminding that several wild animals left in the world could still be saved if deforested forests would only be reforested and the practice of slash and burn of forests would be totally abandoned. Social effects of deforestation Deforestation is hardly hitting the living conditions of indigenous people who consider forests as their primary habitats. Imagine how they are rendered homeless when forests are depleted. These natives would be forced to live elsewhere, and are usually left to becoming mendicants in rural and urban areas. water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the soil surface and not be retained by the soil. Overall, effects of deforestation cannot be offset by the contribution of the practice to development. While it is logical that progress is very much needed by mankind, it must also be noted that nature knows no defeat. Destruct it and it would certainly retaliate, one way or another. Pollution is rapidly growing along with population. Forests are greatly helping reduce the amount of pollutants in the air. So, the depletion of these groups of trees is greatly increasing the risk that carbon monoxide would reach the atmosphere and result in the depletion of the ozone layer, which in turn results to global warming. 5. SOLUTION OF DEFORESTATION ReforestingÂÂ   this is especially popular in Vietnam, where most of their forests were destroyed during the war. Now, every pupil has to plant a tree and look after it. BansÂÂ   generally, people want a ban on the logging of ancient-growth forests and possibly compensating companies for not logging certain areas. Sustainable ForestsÂÂ   using forest and the animals and plants that live in them in ways that do not permanently damage them. This could mean taking only as much timber or other products as the forests can support so that they will continue to be productive in future years. RecyclingÂÂ   an option for the wealthier countries in the world to cut down on their consumption of forest products in general. Protected AreasÂÂ   environmental organisations like WWF and Friend of the Earth can offer legal protection for certain areas by campaigning and informing governments over the necessity to protect a proportion of the world forests from destruction. ProduceÂÂ   an increase in demand for products which have their origin in tropical rainforests e.g. body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, would make the forests more secure, as a large number of trees are needed to produce a large yield. False Solutions:ÂÂ  1. Sustainable Commercial Logging On a governmental level, attempted solutions to deforestation caused by the timber industry have emphasised the necessity of supporting sustainable timber extraction. Such approaches assume, without supporting evidence, that rainforests can be used as an industrial resource base for timber on a sustainable basis. This has resulted in more rather than less deforestation. The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) has had to acknowledge that serious attempts at sustainable management of tropical rainforests for timber production are on a world scale, negligible. As well as the technical obstacles to sustainability, the industry has shown itself to be unable to operate free from corruption. The only systematic attempt to disclose such corruption has been in Papua New Guinea, where a recent inquire concluded that there can be no doubt that the timber industry, by its very nature, is conducive to acts of a criminal nature and acts contrary to law and proper government administration. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), the first major international initiative to tackle tropical deforestation, was launched in 1985 by the UNs Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), The World Resources Institute, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. It claimed to offer a cure for tropical deforestation and its supposed causes, but its flaws were apparent from the outset. It was based on the assumption that poverty and overpopulation are the main underlying causes of tropical deforestation and failed to recognise the role of the developed countries. It paid lip service to the role of landlessness and destructive development, but made no real attempt to deal with them. The TFAP regarded deforestation as a result of too little government control and called for all rainforests to eventually come under government jurisdiction. Rather than calling for reforms to inequitable land ownership, the TFAP often requires annexation of traditional lands for governmen t forestry estates.ÂÂ   Donor countries are becoming unwilling to fund TFAP projects. Peru, Colombia, Panama and Argentina have received less than 10% of the funding required for their national TFAP projects. The US Senate is now refusing to fund the TFAP at all, and Britain has said it will withdraw from the Plan entirely unless coordination of the TFAP is moved out of the FAO. 3. The Limits of Reserve Strategies A significant proportion of tropical biodiversity would already be lost if nature reserves, often initiated by private conservation organisations, had not been established. However, all too often indigenous peoples, living harmoniously with their environment, have been expelled from protected areas or subjected to controls that have led to the disintegration of their cultures. It is a misconception to believe that nature reserves can conserve the greater proportion of the genetic diversity of tropical rainforests, where the number of individuals of each species per unit area tends to be low, but the total number of species can be enormous. On average, ten hectares of lowland tropical rainforest in South East Asia will contain more tree species than the whole of North America. It is therefore inevitable that any large-scale projects which destroy rainforests will lead to the extinction of hundreds of species. Only by providing the widest possible protection for the remaining primary rainforests will it be possible to save the greater part of the Earths biological diversity from extinction. Strictly protected nature reserves can only be a supportive measure in an overall programme for the protection of rainforest ecosystems. The creation of nature reserves must not be used as justification for the destructive exploitation of unprotected rainforest areas.ÂÂ   4. The International Biodiversity Programme The World Bank is pursuing the goal of a global Biodiversity Action Programme. Like the TEAP, this plan fails to confront underlying causes of biodiversity loss, and is likely to worsen the problem it is supposed to solve. Loss of biodiversity in tropical regions is due to the trend towards replacement of traditional species-rich agriculture and forestry with monocultures. Yet under the Biodiversity Programme, monocultures would be encouraged. The Programme sees the setting aside of reserves as the solution to the problem, but the minimum size required for viable areas of tropical forest is unknown. Worse, the setting aside of reserves is likely to be used as an excuse for the unrestricted exploitation of unprotected areas. The Programme would also increase the control of biodiversity by the North at the expense of the South. TOWARDS REALISTIC SOLUTIONS: Alternatives to destructive exploitation of tropical forests are to be found in small-scale initiatives coming from the grass roots in tropical countries, not from ill-conceived large-scale prestige projects such as the TFAP 1. Recognising the Rights of Traditional Owners. The Australian Rainforest Memorandum, produced by the Rainforest Information Centre and endorsed by over 40 non-governmental organisations, asserts that: The right to cultural survival for all tribal peoples is inviolable. All possible efforts should be made to support and safeguard their rights and those of other forest dwellers, in particular the right to security of land tenure.ÂÂ  About one thousand rainforest cultures still exist. Nearly all of them are in conflict with the development strategies of the dominant social classes and international development agencies that have taken control of their lands and who consistently ignore their basic rights and often even their very existence. It is significant that the most successful projects to save rainforests are those which have been carried out in cooperation with the traditional owners of the forests. In Papua New Guinea and Ecuador, the Rainforest Information Centre and other organisations have been involved in schemes which support the legitimate development aspirations of traditional landowners with small-scale autonomous projects. In 1990, the Colombian Government gave back half its Amazonian territory to its rightful Indian owners, acknowledging that they were the best guardians of the forest. In Malaysia, Indonesia and the many other countries where the rights of traditional owners have been ignored, attempts to save rainforests have been uniformly unsuccessful. 2. Non-Timber Values The economic value of keeping rainforests is often overlooked. Rainforests provide essential and renewable sources of fruits, starches, oils, medicines, firewood, animal products, building materials and other projects when extraction is well-managed. However, the value of rainforest goods and services to local human populations is usually ignored in the economic analyses upon which development decisions are based because these societies often operate with little involvement in the cash economy. In many tropical countries, major sections of the population depend directly on intact rainforests for their daily needs. The people of Papua New Guinea, for instance, obtain 58% of their animal protein from rainforest areas. In large regions of West Africa, people until recently met 65% of their animal protein needs from rainforests. This situation changed as the forests were destroyed by the establishment of export plantations and the timber industry. Although the careful management of non-timber forest products has considerable national and international; potential, these resources are being lost through the destruction of the tropical forests. In the Amazon, over two million people depend on rubber, Brazil nuts and other minor forest products without damaging the biological integrity of the rainforest. Recent studies have shown that the value of non-timber forest products often far exceeds the value of timber in tropical forests. A study in the rainforests of Peru showed that the economic value of the minor forest products, including fruits, resins and medicines which were actually being marketed, exceeded the value of use the forest for timber by nine to one. H